Federal surveillance of African Americans, 1920-1984 [electronic resource].

Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993

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Thurgood Marshall (b. July 2, 1908, Baltimore, Maryland – d. January 24, 1993, Washington, D.C.) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education, a 1954 decision that ruled t...

Black Panther Party

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The Black Panther Party was founded in October 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale as an organization dedicated to protecting and uplifting the Black population of Oakland. As the organization grew this focus spread to the rest of the United States and even abroad. The armed militancy and Marxist rhetoric employed by the Black Panthers, along with their philosophy of Black self-government caught the attention of both local law enforcement authorities and the FBI. As a result, many in the Pant...

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)

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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was created in 1960 at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. Its purpose was to coordinate the student protest movement. SNCC led voter registration drives in Mississippi and other southern states, held civil rights demonstrations advocating social integration, and sponsored the Freedom Summer of 1964 in Mississippi....

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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Organizational History and List of Officers Organizational History 1909 Issued the “Call,” a statement calling for a conference to protest discrimination and violence against African Americans Convened the National Negro Conference on May 31 and June 1, New York, N.Y. E...

Randolph, A. Philip, 1889-1979

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Asa Philip Randolph (born April 15, 1889, Cresent City, Florida-died May 16, 1979, New York City), African-American labor leader and early civil rights spokesman. Influenced by the socialism of Eugene Debs, Randolph began publishing his magazine The Messenger in 1917. He opposed U.S. entry into the first World War. In 1925 he organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. His associations with Bayard Rustin and James Farmer influenced his dedication to nonviolence. Randolph was a founder of ...

Highlander Research and Education Center (Knoxville, Tenn.)

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Myles Horton founded the Highlander Folk School in 1932 as an adult education institution based on the principle of empowerment. Horton and other School members worked towards mobilizing labor unions in the 1930s and Citizenship Schools during the civil rights movement beginning in the late 1950s. They worked with Martin Luther King, Jr., the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Guy and Candie Carawan, Septima Clark, and Rosa Parks, among others. In 1959, t...

Jackson, Jesse, 1941-

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The Reverend Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr., founder and president of the Rainbow PUSH Coalition, is one of America’s foremost civil rights, religious and political figures. Over the past forty years, he has played a pivotal role in virtually every movement for empowerment, peace, civil rights, gender equality, and economic and social justice. On August 9, 2000, President Bill Clinton awarded Reverend Jackson the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor. Reverend Jackson h...

Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972

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Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (November 29, 1908 – April 4, 1972) was a Baptist pastor and an American politician, who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971. He was the first African-American to be elected from New York to Congress. Re-elected for nearly three decades, Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party, and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues. He also urg...

Robeson, Paul, 1898-1976

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Born in Princeton, New Jersey, on April 9, 1898, Paul Robeson was a multitalented man whose artistic and political career spanned over four decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s. Known worldwide during the 1930s and 1940s, he fell from prominence in the 1960s because of the political controversy that surrounded him during the McCarthy era. Robeson was a talented dramatic actor whose performance of Othello in this country in 1943-44 once held the record for the ...

Ku Klux Klan 1915-....

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The Ku Klux Klan was formally incorporated under the laws of the state of Georgia on Dec. 4, 1915. The incorporated organization is a continuance of the earlier post Civil War Reconstruction Era unincorporated Ku Klux Klan and of the Knights of the White Camellia. Women of the Ku Klux Klan was incorporated at a late date as a separate entity. The stated purpose of the KKK was to promote an all White, Protestant United States, excluding all other races and religions. From the descript...

Garvey, Marcus, 1887-1940

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Liuzzo, Viola, 1925-1965

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Viola Gregg Liuzzo (1925-1965) was a civil rights activist, and the first white woman killed during the American civil rights movement. In March 1965 she marched with Dr. Martin Luther King and other protestors from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. She was murdered after the march, after being seen riding in a car with Leroy Moton, a black man. In May 1965, the trial of Liuzzo's killers began, but the all-white jury could not come to a decision and a mistrial was declared. At a second trial in Octo...

National Negro Congress (U.S.)

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The National Negro Congress was established in 1936 to "secure the right of the Negro people to be free from Jim Crowism, segregation, discrimination, lynching, and mob violence" and "to promote the spirit of unity and cooperation between Negro and white people." It was conceived as a national coalition of church, labor, and civil rights organizations that would coordinate protest action in the face of deteriorating economic conditions for blacks. Executive secretaries were John P. ...

Committee for Public Justice (U.S.)

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Formed in 1970, the Committee for Public Justice was an affiliate organization of the ACLU composed of writers, lawyers, educators and other parties who felt that the United States was entering a period of political repression. The group investigated and published criticisms of the FBI, the Dept. of Justice, and the CIA. From the description of FBI Conference papers, 1971. (Peking University Library). WorldCat record id: 74216569 ...

Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981

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Civil rights leader and journalist; d. 1981. From the description of Papers, 1915-1980. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 31605113 Roy Wilkins was born in St. Louis, Missouri, grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota and graduated from the University of Minnesota. Wilkins edited the KANSAS CITY CALL, a Black newspaper, from 1923 to 1931. Wilkins became Assistant Secretary of the NAACP in 1931 and became Executive Secretary in 1955. Under his leadership the NAACP grew to 350,000 members. ...

Organization of Afro-American Unity

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Black nationalist organization launched by Malcolm X in 1964. From the description of Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) collection, 1963-1965. (New York Public Library). WorldCat record id: 472223219 ...

Elijah, Muhammad, 1897-1975

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference

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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is a national organization organized in chapters and affiliates that works for human rights across the world. It played a prominent role in the civil rights movement during the 1950s and 1960s. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King, Jr. Origins of the SCLC can be traced back to the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 5 December 1955 after which leaders of civil rights groups met in Atlanta on 10-11 January 1957 to form ...

Penn, Lemuel

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X, Malcolm, 1925-1965

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Black activist. From the description of Radio broadcast of an interview with Malcolm X, 1962. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 309736449 Black nationalist. From the description of Reminiscences of Malcolm X : lecture, [196-?]. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 122513305 African American nationalist leader and minister of the Nation of Islam who sought to broaden the civil rights struggle ...

Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963

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W. E. B. Du Bois was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Educated at Fisk University, he did graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate. Du Bois became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Due to his contributions in the African-American community he was seen as a member of a Black elite that supported some aspects ...

Moorish Science Temple of America

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The Moorish Science Temple of America is a religion largely based on Christianity with significant borrowings from the Islamic faith. It was founded by Noble Drew Ali in 1913, with the first temple established in Newark, New Jersey. "The Holy Koran of The Moorish Science Temple," which Ali published in 1927, combined the Koran, the Bible, Marcus Garvey's and his own ideologies. Noble Drew Ali, born Timothy Drew in 1886 in North Carolina, was among the first individuals t...

United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

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The FBI established this classification when it assumed responsibility for ascertaining the protection capabilities and weaknesses of defense plants. Each plant survey was a separate case file, with the survey, supplemental surveys, and all communications dealing with a plant insofar as plant protection was concerned, filed together. On June 1, 1941, and January 5, 1942, the Navy and Army, respectively, assumed responsibility for surveying defense plants in which they had interests. Thereafter, ...

Muslim Mosque, Inc.

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